Assessment and management of rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder
نویسندگان
چکیده
& Pieve (1974). They arbitrarily defined rapid cycling as four or more mood episodes per year. Rapid cycling in relation to bipolar affective disorder has been defined by the DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)(Box 1). Some patients show cycling frequencies in the order of weeks to days, a phenomenon known as ultra-rapid cycling. Cycling of discrete mood phases of less than 24 hours has been described as ultra-ultra rapid cycling or ultra-radian cycling (Kramlinger & Post, 1996).
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Kraepelin was the first who recognized the phenomenon of cycling in bipolar disorder in 1913. The term rapid cycling was proposed by Dunner and Fieve in 1974. Later on, Kramlinger and Post defined ultra-rapid cycling and ultradian cycling in 1996. Frequent rapid mood switches are an inherent characteristic of bipolar disorder, and rapid cycling is included as a course specifier for bipolar diso...
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